Betrayal Essays (1007 words) - Betrayal, 20th Century Fox Films

Double-crossing Double-crossing The American college in Cairo Performing and Visual Arts opened its 1998 Spring Season on February thirteenth in Wallace Theater nearby with Harold Pinter's play, Betrayal. This play was coordinated by Eric Grischkat, and the ensemble configuration was made by Timaree Mc Cormick. AUC understudies have firmly taken part in the structuring, lighting, setting, coordinating, and in acting. These understudies were Noha Farouk, Shereef Bishay, Karim Bishay, Ramsi Lehner, and Alaa Shalaby. Selling out is play that recount to the tale of two dear companions, Robert, and Jerry. Them two were hitched and had youngsters. The two families cherished, and regarded one another. In any case, this didn't keep going long in light of the fact that disloyalties occurred. This play incorporates eight disloyalties; in this manner, one can clearly perceive how very much fit the title is to the primary topic of the play . In any case, Emma turned to selling out her significant other on the grounds that she didn't discover genuine romance with him so she figured she could discover it with Jerry . Notwithstanding, she bombed this time as well thus she attempted Casey. Robert was not the ideal individual for Emma as he was so cold. There is nothing that moves him in any event, when he realized that Emma was double-crossing him , he was just worried about whether Ned was his child or not. This isn't the ordinary activity of any spouse who have quite recently discovered that his significant other has been double-crossing him with his closest companion for five entire years ! Pinter has composed this play in a surprising manner . Its activities move from the last to the previous;( for example the play started in the year 1977 and finished in 1968 ). Pinter said that the best method to deal with this play was by moving in reverse. I concur with him in such a case that it moved typically from the most seasoned to the most recent it would not have been that intriguing . Eric Grischkat keeps the vitality and the on-screen characters moving, recalling that the primary thought is the contemptibility and selling out of companions who are people, not just thoughts. He left sufficient space for the crowds to utilize their creative mind by following the such a large number of delays and quietness that are found in the content. The creation of the play was effective in that it was much better than perusing it . Eric figured out how to pick the correct group to work with, the on-screen characters , the creator of the sets, scene, outfits, lights, sound, and projections . They all cooperated to introduce this great execution. The Wallace Theater is a proscenium theater with low roof and little stage which is an obstruction to the executive however he figured out how to tackle this issue with the assistance of the set originator. The activity was clear and it construct climatically. There was an assortment in the mind-set. All the characters changed a ton from the earliest starting point till the finish of the play. The ensemble and set planner, Timaree McCormick, has made another world through her extraordinary selection of shades of the sets and of the outfits as them two passed on the spot and the time where and when the play happened. In Scene Nine, when it was 1968, Emma was wearing smaller than expected skirts which coordinated the design of that time, while in Scene One the style were distinctive as it coordinated the design of the 70s. Timaree's choise of hues had certain essentialness . For instance, Jerry continued wearing the earthy colored shading all through the play. The centrality of this is he is the individual who knows nothing and who sold out his closest companion . She utilized each and every piece of the stage. In spite of the fact that the space was restricted, she figured out how to defeat this issue. For instance, the doorways and ways out were done from the outside of the Wallace in view of the absence of the space. She utilized each household item on the stage, for exam ple, the bed that was utilized twice. It was at one time Robert's and Emma's lodging in Venice and other time , the bed inside the room in Robert's and Emma's home in London. She utilized the cover of the phase as the overhang in the lodging in Venice. The course of action

Stupid Ticker Tape free essay sample

Our line was straight. Be that as it may, in the event that it was not straight, that may have been because of grinding f. Truly; at whatever point the speeding up was consistent, it would be a straight line. When there is no increasing speed, it is still actually consistent, so in this way there would likewise be a straight line. G. There would have been more noteworthy speeding up (more extreme slant) if the incline had been made When the edge is more prominent/more extreme this makes gravity have a more noteworthy effect/impact n the truck on the slant. There is a more prominent segment following up on the truck in view of how steep the new incline would be. C) Conclusion: because of this trial, it tends to be presumed that the speed time chart of an item with consistent quickening is appeared by a straight line and the increasing speed can be controlled by finding the slant. In this examination, we saw 3 unmistakable steady increasing speeds (will be named here by as a, b, and c). We will compose a custom article test on Idiotic Ticker Tape or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The haul began away by going down the 80 CM slope at a consistent speeding up of for 0. Seconds.Once it arrived at the finish of the slope, it decelerated to in 0. 15 seconds. When it arrived at level ground, the truck kept on moving with no speeding up( ATA consistent speed of for 0. 525 seconds. In any case, this trial could have been improved by utilizing a smoother incline to diminish grating, just as utilizing an increasingly precise estimating gadget. All things considered, this examination demonstrated that a speed time chart of an article with consistent increasing speed is appeared by a straight line and the quickening can be found by finding the slant.

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay The Anasazi

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay The Anasazi Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from aKorean textbookwhich you probably wont be able to find. Sadly, I am unable to provide the lecture and reading here for you, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend buying the new version of theOfficial TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. Its an excellent source of practice questions!.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample Essay The reading and the lecture are both about the mysterious disappearance of the Anasazi people. The author argues that drought was the cause of their disappearance. The lecturer casts doubt on this belief. She does not believe that there is enough evidence to support this assertion. First of all, the author notes that bone s of Anasazi people indicate that they suffered from malnutrition. The author posits that this is a sign that there was not enough rainfall for them to grow enough crops to feed themselves. The lecturer challenges this claim. He points out poor nutrition was common among the Anasazi no matter how much food was grown. He notes that farmers gave most of their crops away to religious leaders so that they would perform ceremonies for them. Secondly, it is mentioned in the reading that the Anasazi settlements were sealed up, so they must have intended to return to them after they were abandoned. This is exactly what they did during dry periods that occurred previously. This point is made doubtful by claims in the lecture. The lecturer observes that the dry period ended shortly after the Anasazi left the settlements, but they did not return. He says that if they had left because of a drought, they would have come back once it was over. Finally, the author raises the point that the Anasazi people later ended up in areas with ample water supplies. This suggests that they were trying to escape drought conditions. The lecturer, on the other hand, points out that many of them moved to what is now Arizona, which is an area without much water and is not suitable for farming. He claims that if they were running from dry conditions, it is odd that they would move to a place which was even more arid.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL integrated essay written by a native speaker. It follows our master guide for TOEFL integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

1984 the Loss of Humanity Essay - 747 Words

1984: The Loss of Humanity The novel 1984 has left a lasting impact in the literary world. Though the year in which the book takes place has come and gone, the book can still warn of a future that could come. In all reality, the book could be titled 2100 and have the same plot line. But although the warning still has relevance and citizens of the United States should be conscientious of it, the democratic society of the country provides a protection against the loss of individualism. The first step of losing humanity occurs when citizens lose their ability or desire to think independently and know the truth; 1984 depicts the loss of society’s human qualities and how this scenario might occur in the future. In 1984, Winston and†¦show more content†¦In the 2012 presidential election, 99% of citizens voted for either the Democrat or Republican candidate (â€Å"Election 2012†). Americans like to think they are different from everybody else, but this is not always the reality. So, Americans may be losing some of their individualistic thinking, bringing them closer to the minds of the citizens in the society of 1984. In recent years, America has become a world of social media. On September 14, Facebook reached 1 billion users, which is about one seventh of the world’s population (Vance). Though social media allows everyone to share their opinion with whomever they want, it is also used by some as the only avenue to learn information. In 2010, 6.1 million students were taking at least one online course (Lytle). Many citizens also accept information off the internet as true without validation. People become â€Å"followers† and can base their opinions on what somebody else says. In the society of 1984, the idea of social media does not exist. However, the act of blind following does exist in 1984’s society. Big Brother is the citizens’ only source of information and they do not question the validity of any claims made by the Party. By giving the people no other options than to believe them, the Party succeeds in taking away the human quality of individualistic thinking. When a citizen such as Winston occurs, the Party does a veryShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1277 Words   |  6 Pages 1984 is a novel with a huge amount of political in-depth meanings written by George Orwell. Although the future society that 1984 pictured implies a lot of connections with the Soviet Union during the reign of Stalin, indeed it projects the terrible aftereffects that autocracy in any kinds would bring. Orwell described the detailed life in the oceania which are extremely similar to the life in London after World War II: pov erty, lack of supplies, food shortage, dirty street etc. butRead MoreThe Novel 1984 By George Orwell1332 Words   |  6 PagesINHUMANITY. WHAT CORE ELEMENTS OF HUMANITY THAT NOVEL EXPLORES? George Orwell’s novel ‘1984’ shows the crucial need for love, independence, hope and freedom in the midst of inhumanity. Bob Dylan once said â€Å"No one is free, even the birds are chained to the sky (Dylan, n.d)†. In ‘1984’ Winston attempts to remain human whilst everyone he knows is doing otherwise. That is until he meets Julia, a young woman who surfaces desire and hope in him. Orwell shows the core elements of humanity such as independence andRead More1984 Metropolis Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The quote â€Å"The object of power is power† is heavily supported by George Orwell’s 1949 novel ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s 1927 film ‘Metropolis’ through their intertextual connections and shared perspectives. Both texts were composed around the context of pre and post World War 2 which is clearly evident through their settings, characterisation, themes and ideas. Through Orwell’s and Fri tz’s use of dystopic societies, empowerment of women and detrimental dictatorship rule it is blatant that George Orwell’sRead MoreThe Hunger Games And 1984 Use1083 Words   |  5 PagesHow do the writers of the Hunger Games and 1984 use their first chapter to introduce ideas of a dystopian society? A majority of us squander our time fantasizing about a faultless society, a place where sorrow has not meaning but is replaced with harmony, compassion, and riches. Essentially, we want a place where dreams come true. On the contrary, how often do we reflect on the worst? A place where sorrow is the only meaning and harmony, compassion and riches have no existence. Susceptibility, combatRead MoreWhat Makes Us Humans?999 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel â€Å"1984,† George Orwell enlightens us to what these qualities are and pushes us to decide whether the people of Oceana that lack these qualities are even human. The core characteristics of humanity as we know it are humor, imagination, spirituality, sexuality, and rebelliousness. This leads us back to Orwell’s question; do the mindless people of Oceana truly have what it takes to be human? To this, the answer is no. While jokes are told and laughs are shared by the people in â€Å"1984,† the presenceRead More Fahrenheit 451 And 1984 - The Fear Of Utopia Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages Several conflicting frames of mind have played defining roles in shaping humanity throughout the twentieth century. Philosophical optimism of a bright future held by humanity in general was taken advantage of by the promise of a better life through sacrifice of individuality to the state. In the books Brave New World, 1984, and Fahrenheit 451 clear opposition to these subtle entrapments was voiced in similarly convincing ways. They first all established, to varying degrees of balance, the atmosphereRead MoreThe Effects of Alienation in 1984773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Alienation in 1984 Alienation is a main theme in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Alienation refers to the estrangement of an individual from another party. Alienation exists in many forms in the Orwellian society, and each form of alienation causes different effects on topics such as humanity and progress. Each person in the Orwellian society has the ability to escape alienation and work together to overthrow the government; however, Ingsoc uses alienation to bring everyoneRead MoreThe Novel 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell exemplifies the issues of a government with overwhelming control of the people. This government controls the reality of all of their citizens by rewriting the past, instilling fear, and through manipulation. This is an astounding story because of the realistic qualities that are present throughout the text about an extreme regulatory government and its effects. This society is overwhelming consumed with th e constructed reality that was taught to them by Big BrotherRead More Analysis of e. e. cummings’ Poem of all the blessings which to man937 Words   |  4 Pageswith industrialization and the correlated obsolescence of man. Poet e.e. cummings is among them. In his poem of all the blessings which to man, cummings describes a world to which progress will doom mankind-- a place where technology rules over humanity.    Cummingss poem opens saying that the most supreme gift progress offers mankind is the an/ imal without a heart (3-4). This heartless living thing is the machine. Machines can be made to act, and can often appear as if they think, butRead More1984 Proletariat Analysis804 Words   |  4 PagesIn George Orwell’s dystopian novel, 1984, the proletarian class is constantly downtrodden and dehumanized. However, akin to the Bolshevik and Chinese revolutions, Winston and Orwell believe that they are the key to democracy, freedom, and growth. Oceania is a cruel society that views its citizens as pawns and a means to obtain power. This idea is misconstrued, though, as the proletariat are the source of their power. The power lying within the people means that they have the potential to seize it

Discuss Work Negative Views about It. What Are the...

To discuss work, one must first of all try to define work. Once one starts to think about this definition however, one finds that there are as many definitions of work as there are people. Experts such as sociologists have been trying to reach a definite answer, yet they can never agree between them. Although it is accepted that work is that time which is not leisure, one is then confounded with trying to find a definition for leisure. Stanley Parker reached a compromise by dividing our time in five sections, merging from pure work to pure leisure. However this difficulty in defining work should point out that these many different definitions lead to different attitudes, with the result that one can never generalise. Although some†¦show more content†¦This bond also had religious implications since not doing ones duty meant sinning. From the times of the monastic revolution, work was seen as bringing salvation, and definitely not regarded with a negative outlook. Changes came about with the industrial revolution and urbanisation--as cities grew in population, people started to move away from religious conventions. This is when, according to Marx, alienation of the worker started As division of work became the norm, and technology invaded every job, the worker was alienated from his co-workers, the product of his work and became `in awe so to speak of the tools he started to use. What a difference to the times of Michelangelo, when the artisan revelled in his work! This serves to highlight the fact that technology can hinder the progression of certain qualities which should be produced by working. Remedies do exist of course; in Japan, all the workers in the company congregate to pray together before starting work. This is a way to socialise and realise that, in a company, one works as a team and not on ones own. After all, ideally, ones job should fulfil the person that does it. Work should be enjoyed, however can this ideal ever be reached, especially for the industrial worker, where work equals routine? Does not any job become routine after a while? This is debated especially with reference to those countries, already discussed, where the workerShow MoreRelatedConflict Of Conflict Management Styles1690 Words   |  7 PagesThese steps include â€Å"Preparation: identify your problems/needs/issues, arrange for a time and place to meet and talk, interpersonal confrontation: talk to the other person about your problem, consider your partner’s point of view: listen, empathize, and respond with understanding, resolve the problem: make a mutually satisfying agreement, and follow up on the solution: set a time limit for reevaluation† (Cahn Abigail, 2014). Each of these steps can provide benefits and even improvements in the livesRead MoreEssay on Personal and Professional Chall enges1607 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal and Professional Challenges Mojgan Soltani NURS 391 March 18, 2013 Sharon Thompson Personal and Professional Challenges Challenge is often viewed as a negative and rejecting word. In reality life would not move forward without unfavorable factors. Life is a series of pleasant and unpleasant elements and events combined together to take us to our desired destination. Obstacles help us to learn and grow in our physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects during our lifespanRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead MoreCritically evaluate McGregors Theroy X and Theory Y1341 Words   |  6 Pagespivotal role, thus they should be recognised as a significant part of corporations’ financial assets. There are several distinct viewpoints of approaches to managerial strategies about motivating employees, one of which is McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. It proposes that providing an autonomous environment satisfying employees’ higher needs is more preferable than simply controlling them by rewards and punishment. This essay will firstly evaluate McGregor’s theory. Although influential value ofRead MoreKwesi Murigande. 101005760. Reflection Paper. Currently1203 Words   |  5 PagesKwesi Murigande 101005760 Reflection Paper Currently due to the internet, access in a wide range of information we live in a time where advancements about the knowledge of humans, communication amongst each other, transportation and overall quality of life has been its best it has ever been. Because of the availability of this information innovation has taken place in all most all facets of life to make society better. Contrary to above there are still that refuse to innovate, the biggest problemRead MoreNursing Sensitive Indicators Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesRTT1 TASK 1 RTT1 TASK 1 A. Discuss how an understanding of nursing-sensitive indicators could assist the nurses in this case in identifying issues that may interfere with patient care. Nursing-sensitive indicators are determinations used to delineate the excellence of nursing interventions and positive patient outcomes. This is not a new concept. In the 1800’s, Florence Nightingale, a promoter of outcomes, revealed such indicators when she revealed her statistical findings of soldier’sRead MoreDigit Age : Fall Of Traditional Brand Management1627 Words   |  7 PagesDigit age: fall of traditional brand management Internet has changed our daily life. Before the Internet was an application in a large-scale, people have to stay at a fixed time and place to work, study, shopping and entertainment. However, now days, those fixed factors are more flexible. In US, people who works in flex place occupy more than one third of the US working population, and 10% annual growth rate (CCTV-2, 2014). One the other hand, people become readily evaluate a company’s marketing approachRead MoreMy Worldview And New Age Thinking, Postmodernism, And Christianity1666 Words   |  7 Pagesis a very humbling thing to know. No matter what, it had a beginning, it is currently in it’s present form, and will eventually have an end. God himself created our existence in the person of Jesus Christ and though He maintains the created universe, He is separate from it. When God created humans, He created them â€Å"in his own likeness.† That means with self-consciousness, freedom to make choices, moral acc ountability, intelligence, and spiritual qualities that therefore, help us each to personallyRead MoreTraining Managers to Motivate Employees2018 Words   |  9 Pagessupportive management style. This paper will discuss the managers’ motivating styles and the benefits to employees when managers become more autonomy supportive. One of the most challenging parts of a manager’s job is the managerial effort to support employees’ motivation. A key determinant of how effectively a manager nurtures and supports employees’ motivation is the manager’s motivating style, because the quality of a manager’s style affects employees’ work-related motivation. Recognizing the importantRead MoreIELTS6206 Words   |  25 Pageshá » c Ä‘Æ °Ã¡ » £c nhiá » u Ä‘iá » u tá » « nhá » ¯ng bà  i viá º ¿t má º «u nà  y. Trá º §n Quang Thá º ¯ng Tà ¡c giá º £: Simon Website: www.ielts-simon.com NgÆ °Ã¡ » i tá »â€¢ng há » £p: Quang Thá º ¯ng Website: www.ielts-quangthang.com Some people believe that hobbies need to be difficult to be enjoyable. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Some hobbies are relatively easy, while others present more of a challenge. Personally, I believe that both types of hobby can be fun, and I therefore disagree with the statement that hobbies need to be difficult in

Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab History Essay Free Essays

History is the manifestation of adult male ‘s will ; it changes its class when an ordinary adult male shows vastly strong will power and that ‘s how an ordinary adult male becomes a fable. Omar Bin Al-Khatab was one such character. He seems to hold changed the class of history with his ain will. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Omar is regarded as most of import figures in history of Islam and the true designer of Islamic Empire. Historical histories prove him to be one of the greatest vanquishers, a wise and merely swayer and a adult male known for his simple life style and love of God. Omar become the 2nd Muslim swayer after decease of Muhammad and ruled for 10 old ages. He was a taking advisor to the Islamic prophesier Muhammad Omar was a great supporter and comrade of the Prophet Mohammed. Omar converted to Islam after 6 old ages of Mohammed ‘s first disclosure and spent 18 old ages attach toing the Prophet. He succeeded the first calif Abu Bakr on 23 rd of grand 634 as the 2nd calif and changed the historical building of Islamic history. Rising from the rank of a shepherd and a junior-grade merchandiser he became the true architecture of the Islamic civilisation. ( Wikipedia, 2011 ) Early life His female parent ‘s name was Hantammah and male parent ‘s name was Khattab ibn Nufayl, from the folk of Banu Makhzum. Omar was born to a in-between category household and when he was a kid his male parent put him to the undertaking of croping camels. His male parent was a tough taskmaster, and Omar frequently recalled how his male parent beaten him up pitilessly whenever there was a error on his portion. It seems that Omar grew up as a typical Arab male child -a tall immature adult male with a robust build and impressive character. It is believed that among the Quraish of those yearss merely 17 people were able to read and compose and Omar was one of them. He was really intelligent and had a eminent personality, intellectually and physically every bit good. He was a good public talker. By all available histories he seemed to be an mean Arab young person.At the same clip he was gifted with self-respect, a broad-mind and a strong sense of justness. He appeared to be a adult male of strong strong beliefs, a good friend, and a bad enemy. He was ever ready to stand up against the oppressor and recommend the cause of the weak. Later in his young person he took up the traditional profession of a bargainer. As a bargainer, he travelled extensively to Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, Rome and Persia and other topographic points every bit good. He was a good bargainer ; he made good money and developed a good geopolitical apprehension of the part every bit good while going. ( Islamic Point ) Omar converted to Islam in 616, before that he was the fiercest opposition of Islam. Interestingly, he resolved to kill Prophet Mohammed to complete Islam wholly.He believed that the coming of new religion of Islam will interrupt the integrity of Quraish. Omar was the most inexorable and really barbarous in oppressing Muslims. Converting to Islam In the twelvemonth 616 Umar got converted to Islam. Once he read the poetries of Quran, he was so impressed by the deity of the poetries he accepted Islam on that really same twenty-four hours in forepart of the prophesier and his comrades. Omar ‘s transition gave assurance to the Muslims and they felt powered. It was seen as the triumph of Islam, Muslims did n’t offer supplications at al-harem mosque until Omar accepted Islam ( Abdullah bin Masoud, n.d. ) . Because of all this the Prophet himself gave him the rubric of Al-Farooq, one who distinguishes true from falsity. Now Islam was deriving popularity ; in 622 A.D. because of the increasing popularity of Islam in Medina, Mohammed ordered his followings to migrate to Medina. Omar besides went to Medina. Muslims lived peacefully in Medina for about a twelvemonth before Quraish ground forces attacked Medina.Omar played cardinal function in the conflicts between Quraish and Muslims. ( Encyclopedia ) Caliphate He succeeded the first calif Abu Bakr in 634A.D. and played a cardinal function in determining the history of Islam. Under him the Islamic Empire was expanded at a rate that could merely be compared to the great Roman Empire. His opinion abilities, administrative accomplishments and his intelligently coordinated onslaughts against the Iranian Empire resulting in the conquering of the Persian Empire, established him as a great military and political leader of the epoch. But it was non really easy for him to acquire things under control as he was non a popular figure because of his stringency and bossy nature. Abu Bakr ‘s comrades ab initio discouraged the thought of Caliphate of Omar but Abu Bakr had other programs and he assured his high ranking comrades that one time Omar becomes calif he would be a changed adult male. Omar was really clear and did conveyed that he will be soft with them who followed the regulations and would be rough and ill-mannered with those who wo n’t follow the same. He wanted the well being of the hapless and underprivileged ; because of his democrat policies he quickly gained popularity. ( Encyclopedia ) Political and civil disposal Umar ‘s authorities was a unitary authorities ; Caliph had the supreme political authorization. His imperium was divided into independent and states. States were divided into territories. There were 100 territories in the district of Umar. The Wali ( Provincial governors ) were the decision maker of these states, which were recruited by Umar. These were the officer ‘s place at the provincial degree was which were appointed by Omaror the provincial governors: Katib ( Chief Secretary ) , Sahib-ul-Kharaj, ( Revenue Collector ) , Sahib-ul-Ahdath, ( Police head ) , Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal ( Treasury Officer ) and Qadi ( Chief Judge ) . In some of the territories there were separate military officers. The Commanding officer of the ground forces in most of the topographic points remained the same and that was the Governor ( Wali ) . Whenever the appointed anyone they used to make that all in composing. Nothing was without paperwork. When they were seeking to name or appointed Wali the instrument of instructions was made to the modulating behavior of Governors. ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) Military enlargement Omar was one of the greatest decision makers of his epoch. Omar believed in consolidating his power and political influence. With the proper counsel of Umar, Islamic took a huge alteration and grew large clip as a really fast rate. He introduced several administrative reforms ; he made a Shura ( advisory ) council and sought advice from them on affairs of province personal businesss. He divided the immense Islamic imperium in different states and appointed a governor who was answerable to caliph. The Governors were supposed to assist in disposal and whosoever used their office to acquire rich was badly punished. As a Caliph, Omar was ready to accept and follow what was good in other civilisations as good. Wherever possible, he tried to larn from others and adopted the advanced techniques and administrative patterns of the conquered people as good. For illustration, when Persia was conquered, Windmills were in extended usage in Persia, Omar ordered the building of windmills in several Arab states, including Medina. For the first clip military was organized professionally and made a province section. Finance, accounting, revenue enhancement and exchequer sections were created for the first clip in the Islamic Empire. Police, prisons and postal units were established. ( Islamic Point ) Reforms Agribusiness was promoted during his Caliphate. Irrigation system was reformed ; old canals were excavated and new 1s built. Large countries of land were brought under cultivation. Roadss were built and were on a regular basis patrolled. A traveller could travel with safety on the roads of the immense Islamic Empire. When Omar became the Caliph of Islam, most of the states economic system was based on bondage. Omar was the 1 who raised his voice against bondage. He took specific step to extinguish bondage every bit far as possible. The immense districts of Islamic Empire – West Asia and North Africa were transformed into a free trade zone. Business brought prosperity. Omar understood the importance of instruction ; instruction was encouraged and instructors were paid good. The survey of Quran, Hadith, linguistic communication and literature and penmanship received backing from the Empire. Omar was himself a poet and an impressive speechmaker. He constructed Over 4,000 mosques during his Caliphate. Technology and new administrative patterns such as the building of windmills, formation of accounting section were encouraged. In the imperium new roads were laid out and old 1s were repaired. Omar organized a population nose count in the Empire following the illustration of the China. Muslim rules extended increasingly during the Caliphate of Umar, about 4000 mosques were constructed. He provided visible radiations to the mosques and superior fabric to cover the Kaaba. It happened in the twelvemonth 638 that Arabia fell into drouth which was besides been so followed by a dearth. To do this alteration and to do it better Umar tried many things out of which 1 was hosting dinner every dark. It was approximately more than hundred 1000 people who used to come for the dinner every dark. Conditionss began to better in early 639. When dearth ended so Umar went to see and steer the people. Not merely he guided but besides gave good sum, rations and besides exempted them from revenue enhancement ( zakat ) for that twelvemonth and the twelvemonth following it. Omer went for hadj in Mecca when he was assassinated. He was assassinated in response to the Muslim conquering of Persia, by a Iranian in 644. Character assassination of Umar was been assigned by Abu Lulu. The history of Omar shows and explains many things. He was a adult male with great powers of head. He was really stiff in doing justness and with inflexible unity. How to cite Life Of Omar Bin Al Khatab History Essay, Essay examples

Traffic and Urban Congestion 1955

Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 Essay In 1960, Great Britain still had no urban freeways. But with the ownership of private cars becoming ever more common, the problem of congestion in British cities was unavoidable. Investigating the possibilities of freeways as alleviators of big-city traffic jams, the government-sponsored Buchanan Report was pessimistic: the study shows the very formidable potential build-up of traffic as vehicular ownership and usage increase to the maximum. The accommodation of the full potential is almost certainly beyond any practical possibility of being realized. There is thus no escaping the need to consider to what extent and by what means the full potential is to be curtailed.1. We will write a custom essay on Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the decades preceding this study, Americans faced much the same problem with transportation in their cities. But the American plan for dealing with urban congestion in the automobile age was very different. In 1954, President Eisenhower suggested that metropolitan area congestion be solved by a grand plan for a properly articulated highway system. In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works urged drastic steps, warning that otherwise traffic jams will soon stagnate our growing economy.2. Confronting the same problemurban traffic congestionthe British and the American governments responded with radically different solutions. In Britain, congestion in cities was understood to mean an excess of automobiles entering cities. The problem, to British planners, was to reduce relative reliance on the private car in order to allow better movement of traffic. But in the U.S., planners interpreted congestion as a sign that roads were inadequate and in need of improvement. In the face of traffic jams, the British tended to say, too many cars! while the Americans would say, insufficient roads!U.S. urban transportation policy was shaped by this tendency, from its origins in the 1940s until the mid 1960s. This essay makes a twin argument. First, the way in which U.S. urban transportation policy was formulated in the 1940s and 1950s precluded the British solution. Regardless of the relative merits of the British and American approaches, discouraging the use of the automobile was not an option American policy makers could consider. The American political culture could consider large scale domestic projects only with the cooperation of the private sector, and in the U.S. this meant largely automotive interest groups. The second point is that American urban transportation policy retreated from this position in the 1960s. By the 1970s U.S. policy was much more like Great Britains. In 1975, official Department of Transportation policy recognized the automobile as a major contributor to . . . congestion, and it urged State and local communities to rethink some of the highway planning already done so as to determine if a particular highway still offers the best transportation alternative.3. But American cities had already been depending on a freeway-based transportation system by the mid 1960s, and the well established automotive trend was irreversable. The volume of motor vehicle traffic in U.S. cities in 1970 was more than two and a half times what it had been in 19 50, while the number of passengers carried on urban rail systems had fallen by two thirds. City bus ridership was down by half over the same period. The establishment of the freeway as the principal transportation system in American citiesand of the private automobile as the primary modewas an accomplished fact by the late 1960s.4. The policy changes begun in the mid 1960s came too late to change the overwhelmingly automobile-based urban transportation system. One can deny the significance of the change on the grounds of its tardiness. But an important question remains unanswered: why did federal transportation policy reverse itself and urge a rethinking of planned freeway projects? How did planners get from the insuf-ficient roads interpretation of congestion to the too many cars perspective?This essay suggests some explanations. In part, the insufficient roads view, once implemented, entailed its own demise. Promoters of urban highways acknowledged that drastic steps were necessary to allow relatively free movement of automobiles in cities. These steps, to be drastic enough to work, also had to be drastic enough to create controversy and opposition where little or none had existed before. If, as New Yorks great road builder, Robert Moses, suggested, planners would have to hack their way with a meat ax to buil d highways in cities, then they could expect highway opponents to become equally uncompromising in their opposition.5. After a great deal of hacking, local opposition, legal restrictions, and court decisions dulled the axs edge. .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postImageUrl , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:visited , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active { border:0!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Islamic Architecture Analysis EssaySecond, the decentralized organization of the U.S. political system allowed many points of access to policy-making forums for groups opposing specific highway projects, groups opposing the freeway-based urban transportation policy, and groups promoting other forms of urban transit. As early as 1959, San Franciscos city government, under pressure from its citizens, banned freeway projects within its city limits. Throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s, other cities followed San Franciscos lead, fighting projects that were politically threatening.6. There is little record of state-level opposition to projects, though this is understandable in view of the high level of state control over highway planning. At the federal level, from which most urban highway money came, divergent agendas (such as aid to mass transit, highway beautification, and increased relocation assistance to residents displaced by highway projects) as well as outright opposition to highways on the part of a number of prominent congressmen and senators, served to weaken the original highways-only federal urban transportation policy of the 1950s. Also important to the change was the increasing insulation of federal transportation policymaking in the 1960s from the interest groups which had virtually controlled it in the 1950s. When Eisenhower and Congress teamed up to create a well funded federal urban transportation policy, they asked private road-building interests to work out the details. Eisenhowers reluctance to expand the federal bureaucracy necessitated such a move. There was no federal agency concerned specifically with urban transportation. The governments highway agencythe Bureau of Public Roadshistorically concerned itself with rural roads, leaving urban routes to municipal governments. The BPR was underfunded and so it too resorted to the advice of industry. Highway industries therefore had a claim to expertise that no government agency could dispute.7. Over the course of the 1960s this situation changed considerably. With the end of executive-branch reluctance to expand the bureaucracy, the federal government began to create its own instruments of transportation policymaking, independent of industry. In 1966, the recently created federal transportation agencies were brought together in the new Department of Transportation. With its administrators responsible to the president and with its own in-house expertise, the Department was insulated from the influence of highway industry. The demise of the highways-only policy stemmed also from serious flaws in the policy itself. From the end of World War Two, the federal government began a significant intervention in urban transportation, one which had increased to enormous proportions by 1960. But the funds were provided exclusively for the construction of urban highways. Thus, urban transportation systems necessarily became imbalanced in favor of automotive transport, regardless of the re lative merits of the various modes under various conditions. Even the automotive transport systems themselves were out of balance, because of the ways in which federal dollars were allocated. For example, while new freeways were providing automobiles unprecedented ease of access to cities, substantially less federal money was provided for the downtown streets that had to bear the increased load, and no money at all was available to provide the record numbers of cars with parking. Even more basic, highway planners operated on the erroneous assumption that potential demand for highways could be sated if only the supply were sufficiently expanded. Eisenhowers stated goal was to build a system that would meet demand projections ten years after completion. But demand does not exist in a vacuum: By building a road to meet the demand of ten years later, one hastens the arrival of that projected demand, so that it might appear in three years instead of ten. This is not a speculative point. A Bureau of Public Roads document from 1953 estimated that by 1990, it is possible that the number of motor vehicles will be almost double the present total. In fact the BPRs liberal estimate was overwhelmingly short of the true rate of increase: 336 percent. This is despite the fact that actual 1990 population was less than the agency had predicted. The harder road builders tried to increase supply (road capacity), the more they increased demand (the number of motorists). This fact may seem perfectly obvious in hindsight, but pro-highway documents from before the mid 1960sboth governmental and privateroutinely urged a policy that would provide enough roads to exceed demand. We can lick congestion, Robert Moses promised, if only enough highways could be built.8. .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .postImageUrl , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:hover , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:visited , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:active { border:0!important; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:active , .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1 .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d107d81c75c4ae5d880ac564eb23ab1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary of My Life EssayFinally, the highways-only policy, by massing federal transportation dollars in roads only, gave road transport a net subsidy over rail, the other important surface mode.9. An English planner commenting in 1961 on the advisability of American-style urban freeways in Britain put it simply: the cause of excessive congestion in cities is the failure to charge road users the full urban freeways were not going to lick congestion. Eventually, cost of their journeys. If he was right, then Americas new urban transportation policy would have to adjust to that.10. If he was right, then Americas new U.S. urban transportation policy would have to adjust to that .